Testing and Educating on Urban Soil Lead: A Case of Chicago Community Gardens

Authors

  • Laura Witzling University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
  • Michelle Wander University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
  • Ellen Phillips University of Illinois Extension

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2010.012.015

Keywords:

Community Garden, Lead, Soil Testing, Urban Agriculture, Urban Soil, Chicago, Training, Web-Based Learning

Abstract

Chicago has many urban agricultural projects that provide a source of local food for city dwellers. Urban garden soil, however, may contain lead pollution, and soil quality can vary dramatically from location to location. Soil testing and access to information should improve gardeners’ abilities to grow food safely in urban soils, and to know if time-consuming or expensive measures to avoid lead exposure or enrich the soil are really necessary for their gardens. Soil quality including lead levels was profiled in 10 Chicago gardens. Gardens growing food within raised beds were compared to gardens growing food without raised beds. We also quantified lead in adjacent areas of bare soil or where children might play. Soil lead was measured in two ways: through acid digestion with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3050B method and a Mehlich-III extraction. The overall mean soil lead level reported through the EPA method was 135 parts per million (n=86), with a range from 10 parts per million to 889 parts per million in individual soil samples. The average for the Mehlich-III method was 63 parts per million. Lead levels in most gardens were not a concern, although gardens contained excessive fertility. Use of raised beds reduced lead levels and thus the potential risk of lead ingestion from plant uptake, but further study comparing the use of raised beds with a greater number of gardens is required. Higher lead levels in soil from nearby areas suggest the possibility of contamination to raised beds and supports the notion that areas with bare soil adjacent to gardens may be an equal or greater source of risk. Our results suggest that the Mehlich-III soil test was positively correlated with the more costly EPA test and could be developed as less expensive test easily conducted by commer­cial soil-testing labs. Additionally, a training pro­gram about urban garden safety with live and online options was created and evaluated with questionnaires given to Master Gardeners. Both live-trained and online-trained groups’ quiz scores improved significantly after the trainings, demonstrating that education about urban soil management can be effective.

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Author Biographies

Laura Witzling, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

Laura Witzling, M.S., University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 415 South Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715 USA; +1-414-238-3431

Michelle Wander, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

Michelle Wander, Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, N-225 Turner Hall, MC-047 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA; +1-217-333-9471

Ellen Phillips, University of Illinois Extension

Ellen Phillips, Extension Educator, Crop Systems, University of Illinois Extension, Countryside Extension Center, 6438 Joliet Road, Countryside, IL 60525; +1-708-352-0109

Published

2011-01-31

How to Cite

Witzling, L., Wander, M., & Phillips, E. (2011). Testing and Educating on Urban Soil Lead: A Case of Chicago Community Gardens. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 1(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2010.012.015

Issue

Section

Urban Agriculture Call Papers