From fields to markets: Diversification case studies in the U.S. Corn Belt via a social-ecological systems lens

Abstract

Agricultural diversification is increasingly recog­nized as a systems-level strategy that enhances sus­tainability, resilience, and adaptability of agricul­tural and food systems under global environmental and market pressures. This research delves into the dynamics, opportunities, challenges, and key suc­cess drivers associated with agricultural diversifica­tion in the U.S. Midwest—a region historically dominated by corn–soybean rotations—through the lens of the social-ecological systems (SES) framework. Focusing on the integration of oats, wheat, and peas into existing systems, we employed a case study methodology combining theoretical, empirical, and contextual inquiry. Data collection integrates primary and secondary sources, including semi-structured interviews and participation in field days, spanning October 2022 to February 2024. Interviews with 29 actors, including farmers, industry representatives, and members of agricul­tural cooperatives and nonprofits, provided insights into market opportunities for diversified agriculture systems. The findings highlight that diversification outcomes are co-shaped by ecologi­cal interactions, market dynamics, policy environ­ments, and collaborative networks. The cross-case analysis demonstrates that farmer decision making, knowledge co-production, supply chain coordina­tion, and farmer–Extension collaborations are cen­tral mechanisms that foster ecological resilience, expand market access, and stimulate innovation. Through the SES framework, this research pro­vides a novel synthesis that advances understand­ing of agricultural diversification as a system-level transition pathway. Beyond the Midwestern U.S. context, this research contributes to the body of knowledge on how agricultural diversification is a system-level transformation process and to broader debates on agroecology, sustainability transitions, and food system resilience, offering insights to guide future research, policy, and practice.